Transmission lines (≥138 kV) vs 2G/3G/4G/5G cellular coverage
Percentages are shown as a range across three coverage-radius scenarios (Nominal → Conservative). Line coloring follows the selected scenario. Cell towers sourced from OpenCelliD enriched with regional telecom distribution (OSIPTEL). Remote Andean mountain passes and deep Amazon rainforest canopy exhibit severe signal shadows.
Data: OpenStreetMap contributors (© ODbL) · OpenCelliD (CC-BY-SA 4.0) · OSIPTEL · geoBoundaries.
Basemap tiles: © OpenStreetMap / Esri.
Coverage modeled with buffered cell radii; 5G not detected in dataset. Not for operational use.